The branch of Discourse Analysis
1. Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistics that seeks to understand
how and why Certain texts affect readers and hearers. Through the analysis of
grammar, it aims to uncover the 'hidden ideologies' that can influence a reader
or hearer's view of the world. Analysts have looked at a wide variety of spoken
and written texts – political manifestos,
advertising, rules and regulations – in an attempt to demonstrate how text producers
use language (wittingly or not) in a way that could be ideologically
significant.
CDA is not a monolithic method or field of study but rather a
loose agglomeration of approaches to the study of discourse, all of which are
located broadly within the tradition of critical social research that has its
roots in the work of the Frankfurt School (Wodak and Meyer 2001). Though having
developed, at least initially, largely independently of each other, these
approaches are united by a concern to understand how social power, its use and
abuse, is related to spoken and written language.
2. Political Discourse
Political discourse is about the text and talk of professional politicians or
political institutions, such as presidenta and prime ministers and other
members of government, parliament or political parties, both at the local,
national and international levels. Some of the studies of politicians take a
discourse analytical approach (Carbó 1984; Dillon et al. 1990; Harris 1991;
Holly 1990; Maynard.
This way of defining political discourse
ishardly different from the identification of medical, legal or educational
discoursewith the respective participants in the domains of medicine, law or
education.This is the relatively easy part (if we can agree on what `politics'
means).
From the interactional point of view ofdiscourse analysis, we therefore
should also include the various recipients inpolitical communicative events,
such as the public, the people, citizens, the`masses', and other groups or
categories. That is, once we locate politics and itsdiscourses in the public
sphere, many more participants in political communicationappear on the stage.
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